Card counting in blackjack is a method for determining whether the next hand will be advantageous to the player or the dealer. Card counters aim to keep count of both high and low-value cards to minimize the house edge as much as possible. This practice ultimately allows players to determine the composition of remaining cards before they are dealt and played, leading to minimizing losses.
If this sounds like something you’d be interested in, you’ve come to the right place! Learn how to count cards in blackjack, and how to leverage it in our insightful article.
What is Card Counting in Blackjack
In a nutshell, card counting in blackjack can be described as a way for players to get an edge over the house by applying a simple mathematical equation. How does counting cards work? Simple. The practice of card counting is based on the basic principle that in blackjack, past events influence future events. Specific values are assigned to cards, and as soon as the cards have been shuffled and dealt, these values are counted while you play blackjack online or at land-based casinos.
We’ve listed some handy card-counting basics below:
A player assigns a value to each card based on its face and number, either negative, positive, or zero. For example, there is a +1 count for cards 2 through 6, a 0 or neutral count for cards 7 to 9, and a -1 count for cards 10 through Ace.
Counting begins at 0. Players will add value to the count as each card is dealt. Accordingly, if an Ace, King, 2, 7, 6, 4, and 5 are dealt, the count is +2. Face-down cards are not counted until they are flipped.
The true count is calculated to determine the profitability of bets and is calculated using the running count.
When a player is confident of the ‘true count,’ they can alter their bets according to their advantage.
With fewer cards left in the shoe, the player makes more decisive wagers and improves their true count.
As cards are dealt out of the deck, the counting continues. It is based on the count that betting decisions are made. It is ideal for a player to place a higher bet if the count is positive and a lower bet if it is negative.
Running Count vs. True Count
The running count in card counting when it comes to blackjack allows players to keep track of high and low value cards where cards 2-6 are attributed a value of +1, neutral cards, or 7-9, are valued at 0, and high cards (10, J, Q, K, A) are valued at -1.
A running count with a positive number does not necessarily mean that you would have the edge over the house though. To determine whether you should increase your bets, you need to consider the true count first. In general, a true count of +2 or higher is considered an indication of the player having an edge and that profitable bets can be placed. To calculate the true count, the running count is divided by the number of decks remaining.
Your advantage increases as the true count increases. Therefore, when the house has an advantage, or when the true count is low, players should wager as little as possible and increase their wagers proportionally.
Tip: To successfully count cards in blackjack, be sure you start counting when the shoe is empty to get accurate calculations!
Blackjack Card Counting Systems
Blackjack players use various card counting systems and strategies, some of which are more distinctive than others. The level of difficulty of these varies from straightforward to advanced. The level of difficulty of the system should however not dictate which one you use, as several factors influence the applicability of the system. A straightforward system will be easier to apply in a simple game with fewer decks, for example. Each system is aimed at solving a specific problem and not every system will be ideal for every game. Next, we provide an overview of each to illustrate how to apply them.
There are three main types of systems:
Balanced/Unbalanced System
Where Balanced systems always begin and end in 0, and Unbalanced can end in
Level 1 or Level 2, 3, 4 System
Where Level 1 values can be 1, 0, or -1, with the other levels being more complex with higher values included.
Ace Side Count
Counting and or keeping track of how many aces have been played.
Hi-Lo System
System Type: Balanced, Level 1
Difficulty Level: Beginner
Ace Side Count: No
Probably the most common and easiest strategy, Hi-Lo card counting is based on the basic principle of calculating the ratio of high and low cards left. More high cards would be beneficial to the player, while more low cards would be beneficial to the dealer.
Card values are allocated as discussed earlier, with low cards (2-6) valued at -1, neutral cards (7-9) valued at 0, and high cards (A, J, Q, K) valued at +1. As a result of the combination of neutral, high, and low cards in a deck equal to zero, the Hi-Lo strategy is a ‘balanced’ counting strategy where the count will always begin and end in 0.
The Hi-Lo system requires you to calculate a running total of all cards played in the game, including those held by the dealer and other players, which is known as the running count. It is however the true count that will indicate the ratio between high and low cards. This does not have to be an exact calculation but can be an estimate.
To explain the Hi-Lo counting system in classic blackjack we’ll look at an example:
Once the dealer introduces a new shoe to the table, the Hi-Lo strategy begins. Since no cards have been dealt, the running count is 0. Once the first round of cards is dealt, players can calculate the running count by adding all visible cards (face-up cards) on the table.
Let’s say there are five cards on the table, an Ace (-1), 2 (+1), 6 (+1), 9 (0), and a 7 (0). Adding these totals would give you a running count of +1. Next, to determine whether it would be a good idea to increase your bets, you need to calculate the true count by dividing +1 by the total decks left on the table.
Here’s another example of calculating the true count:
In an 8-deck blackjack game, you have a running count of +7. The shoe has roughly four decks left, giving you a true count of +1.75, or 2.
Omega II System
System Type: Balanced, Level 2
Difficulty Level: Intermediate
Ace Side Count: No
Bruce Carlson developed the Omega II card counting system for intermediate-level players, although today it is considered a complex system used by experienced players only. The reason a lot of experienced players use this system is for the accuracy it offers since it is a two-level system. Aces and 8s are valued at 0, cards 2, 3, and 7 have a value of +1, 4-6 have a value of +2, 9s are counted as -1, while the 10 and the face cards are valued at -2.
Since 4-6 cards are considered the worst cards in blackjack, they are valued at +2 and of course, the 10 and face cards (J, Q, K) are valued at -2 as these cards can get a player to get a natural blackjack quicker.
The fact that this is a multi-level system might make it a little bit more complicated to calculate as you play. As with the Hi-Lo system, a true count needs to be calculated by dividing the running count by the number of decks left in the shoe.
There are two Hi-Opt systems, Hi-Opt I, and Hi-Opt II. While these two systems are different, they are related and we’ll therefore discuss both here.
Card values in Hi-Opt I consist of:
10 & Face Cards: -1
3-6: +1
Everything else: 0
Players must keep a running count while also keeping track of Aces. To make informed bets, the true count is calculated by dividing the running count by the number of decks left in the shoe.
Card values in the Hi-Opt II system:
Aces, 8 & 9: 0
10 & Face cards: -2
2 & 3: +1
4 & 5: +2
6 & 7: +1
It is important to note that the Hi-Opt II system is notably harder to master than the simpler Hi-Opt I. Since it is a two-level system, players have two card values to add and subtract by. 2, 3, 6, or 7 receive a +1 value. As soon as the players see cards 4 and 5, they must add 2 to their running count. In the case of 10 and the face cards, players need to subtract 2 from their running count. The value of an Ace, 8 or 9, is 0. As with the Hi-Opt I system, the true count is calculated by dividing the running count by the number of decks on the table.
Wong Halves System
System Type: Balanced, Level 3
Difficulty Level: Advanced
Ace Side Count: Yes
This system was developed by Stanford Wong and is also the only one that makes use of fractions. Here is a quick overview of card values in the Wong Halves system, keeping in mind that three values are to be tracked when using it:
Aces & 10s: -1
3s, 4s, 6s: +1
8s: 0
9s: -0.5
2s & 7s: +0.5
5s: +1.5
To avoid fractions, players can double the value of ½.
To determine the odds of winning, convert the running count to a true count. Calculating the final count after each deck would be a good idea. It’s easier to do this than to calculate a final count from several decks of cards. If you are avoiding calculations with fractions, remember to double the number of decks you would have divided the running count by.
Red 7 System
System Type: Unbalanced, Level 1
Difficulty Level: Beginner
Ace Side Count: No
As a one-level system, the Red 7 system of counting cards in blackjack is simple and easy for beginners to learn. The system works based on high and low cards and is seen as a variation of the Hi-Lo counting system. Aces and 10s are valued at -1, 2-6 cards are valued at +1, red 7s in the deck count as +1, black 7s are valued at 0, and all 8s and 9s are also counted at 0. Thanks to singling out red 7s, there is no need for players to calculate a true count.
As with other unbalanced systems, counting starts with a negative count, with every deck of cards equalling -2. When playing with six decks then, you would start counting at -12. A running count of 0 indicates that you have a 0.5% edge over the house. When the running counts increase, bet sizes are increased by increments depending on the number of decks you are playing. In a nutshell, it is better for the players if the final running count is higher when using this counting system.
KO System
System Type: Unbalanced, Level 1
Difficulty Level: Beginner and Intermediate
Ace Side Count: No
Commonly known as the Knock-Out card counting system and is suitable for both beginners and intermediate players. This system was introduced in a book entitled Knock Out Blackjack written by Fuchs and Vancura.
Like the Hi-Lo method, tens, queens, jacks, kings, and aces are assigned a -1, whereas 2-7 are assigned a +1. On the other hand, 8s and 9s are marked as 0. When all cards have been dealt, the final count will not equal zero, indicating that the system is not balanced. This also means that there is no need to calculate a true count.
Unlike other systems, counting does not start at 0, but the number of decks determines the starting count. When the game is played with two decks, the count would start at -2, playing with six decks means you will start counting at -20, and eight decks will have you starting from -28. If you play with a single deck you would start counting at 0 as with the other counting systems. Bet sizes are increased as the running count climbs, with lower bet sizes placed the lower the running count.
Zen Count
System Type: Balanced, Level 2
Difficulty Level: Intermediate
Ace Side Count: No
Another balanced system is the Zen Count, where the count decreases to 0 at the end of the game. It is also one of the simplest systems, and the cards are valued as follows:
2, 3, 7: +1
4, 5, 6: +2
8, 9: 0
10, Jack, Queen, King: -2
Ace: -1
Since this is a balanced counting system, players need to calculate the true count by dividing the running count by the estimated number of decks left. The Zen Count system is considered to be one of the best counting systems to help players decide when to raise their bets. This is due to the favorable correlation the system offers, standing at 0.96. Bets are increased as the true count increases, with a true count of 0 or less requiring a minimum bet size. Of course, players must also be aware of this steady increase to avoid catching the casino’s attention.
Dynamics of Team Card Counting
Team card counting is in no way a new phenomenon, with multiple blackjack card-counting teams trying to up the house all over the globe. The most popular blackjack team is without a doubt the MIT card counting team, a team that started in the 70s and is also the inspiration behind the popular movie 21. Teams use a variety of counting systems, but notably, the system used by the MIT card counting team is largely based on the Hi-Lo system, which assigns the same values to each card. As a result, high cards are -1, low cards are +1, and the rest are 0. The team also used a three-person team strategy that included:
A big player,
A controller
A spotter.
After the spotter verified that the count was favorable, they would signal the big player to place the bet. The team could beat several casinos and make millions of dollars within a short period.
How to Count Cards with 1 Deck vs. Multiple Decks
Now that we’ve covered the basics of card counting and explained some of the systems you can exploit, we’ll skim over how to apply your knowledge when playing single-deck or multi-deck blackjack games.
1 Deck Card Counting
Using the Hi-Lo system, players in single-deck games only need the running count to assess their advantage. A true count isn’t necessary. As a result, you can spend more time applying basic strategy to single deck blackjack card counting.
New card counters will enjoy single-deck blackjack games thanks to the simplicity it affords. With fewer decks, players have the best odds, and beginner counters can easily track their advantage. Additionally, single-deck blackjack has a house edge of just 0.16%.
Online casinos sometimes add restrictions to single-deck blackjack games to tip the odds in their favor. For example, some rules restrict players’ moves and winnings, such as limiting re-splits and letting the dealer hit on a soft 17.
Counting Cards with Multiple Deck Games
Learning how to count cards in blackjack with multiple decks can seem tricky, especially since players have to keep track of both the running and the true count. This can be done using a balanced counting system like Hi-Lo. Using the true count, every card counting system can be used in blackjack, regardless of the number of decks.
You can adjust your bets accordingly when you know how many high-value cards are left in the shoe. To calculate the true count, the running count is divided by the number of decks on the table, which will give you an indication of the total number of high cards left. Let’s look at a practical example:
If you are playing with six decks, and you have a running count of +12, the true count will be two (12 ÷ 6 = 2), indicating two high cards left per deck. Where this calculation might get tricky is keeping track of the number of decks left on the table—keeping in mind that the importance of an accurate true count increases as the number of decks left decreases.
How Casinos Try To Prevent Card Counting
While card counting at land-based casinos is common, and certainly not illegal, one cannot help but wonder whether or not it is possible to count cards online. Can you count cards in online blackjack? Yes, it is possible! It is, however, extremely difficult. Online casinos use the following methods to reduce or eliminate a card counter’s advantage in live blackjack:
CSMs (Continuous Shuffling Machines): It is impossible for players to count cards when the dealer is using these devices. Decks (typically between 3-5) are constantly shuffled, making it impossible to calculate the variance between high and low value cards left.
Deck Penetration: Referring to the distribution of cards dealt before reshuffling, deck penetration is a cornerstone of successful card counting. In some online casinos, 8-deck shoes are replaced after 50% of the cards have been played, rendering card counting ineffective.
Rounds Per Hour: In card counting, the general rule of thumb is that the more rounds you can play per hour, the more you can win. The speed of live blackjack games limits the number of hands played and the overall winnings of card counters.
Blackjack Rules: A 6:5 payout or the dealer hitting on soft 17 can increase the house edge so much that card counting becomes impossible. These, among other game rules, are sometimes implemented to counter-act card counting.
Card Scanning: Before adding cards to the table, dealers sometimes scan them. Then, the casino’s systems analyze players’ betting patterns and table cards to identify any counting.
Look for online casinos that pay 3:2 for live blackjack, if you want to play live blackjack. Choose a table where the dealer manually shuffles the cards or uses a batch shuffler. You can still count cards with these systems depending on deck penetration. Lastly, look for live blackjack games with favorable rules.
Tips for Mastering Card Counting in Blackjack
Some players struggle to keep track of their cards when they combine card counting systems with basic strategy. Before even attempting card counting, players should know basic blackjack strategy by heart. Once you’ve got the basic strategy down, you’ll need to practice card counting until it becomes second nature. Below are some exercises you can try.
Read the basic blackjack strategy chart out loud several times a day to ensure you can recite it without looking at it.
Practice your knowledge of basic strategy by playing at home until you are comfortable with your level of knowledge and understanding.
Next, you need to practice your card counting and reaching accurate running counts. Start by counting the values of a single deck of cards, until you’ve reached the last card. If you did not reach a running count of 0 you made a mistake. Continue practicing and counting for as long as is necessary.
Once you are confident that you can automatically calculate and keep track of the running count, it’s time to put what you’ve learned to the test. Ask a friend to play with you, and play a couple of rounds to test your skills.
Next, it’s time to see how your running count skills fare in practice. Visit a casino and watch other blackjack players play. Try to keep track of the running count as you watch. It’s essential not to attempt playing at this stage yet, you still have to practice calculating the true count!
To practice calculating the true count, get your blackjack gear out and get ready to do some maths. You’ll need six decks of cards and 30 pieces of paper with the numbers 1-30 written on it. With an empty discard tray, pull a number from the ones you’ve prepared and divide it by six (six decks on the table). Continue pulling numbers and doing the division by six. Once you have done so about 30 times, place one deck of cards in the discard tray and all the numbered papers back in the container you are using to pull them from. Restart the process but this time, divide the number you pull by five (five decks on the table). Continue this process until you have worked your way through all decks.
These practices should help you master the art of card counting. You can also practice calculating the true count by doing simple divisions while jogging or relaxing. It is essential to get these basics right before attempting to try them out in real games!
FAQ
Is it legal to count cards in blackjack?
No, while it is frowned upon, no law states that it is not allowed. The US and British laws do not prohibit card counting. The casinos, however, strictly prohibit players from using any external card-counting device or person to assist them in counting cards. In general, casinos oppose card counting and try to prevent it. Often, they ban suspected card counters from playing in the casinos. Some casinos, especially in Nevada, strictly prohibit the use of card-counting apps and devices.
How do online casinos minimize card counting?
Online casinos complicate the process by adding more decks. Consequently, it is more difficult to identify the concentration of high and low cards left in the shoe. Casinos may also use Continuous Shuffling Machines, which makes it impossible to count cards when playing blackjack.
Does card counting work in online blackjack?
Yes, you can count cards when playing blackjack online against live dealers. If you want to know how to count cards in online blackjack, you can apply all the systems and strategies we’ve explained in this article. It is important to note that counting cards in online blackjack is not as profitable as doing so at land-based casinos due to several reasons, but more specifically, the pace of online blackjack games.
Can team card counting strategies increase success rates in blackjack?
Yes, it absolutely can increase success rates to play in a team setting. What could be especially beneficial from team card counting is an increase in the Expected Value or profit that can be earned, as this increases with the addition of shares in the overall bankroll. More players also reduce the risk.
What are common beginner card counting mistakes?
Among the many mistakes beginners make, not applying basic strategy is the biggest. Next is overbetting and not managing their bankroll effectively, and last but not least, making insurance bets thinking that it could have a positive outcome when there is a 70% chance that it won’t.
Blackjack is among the popular online casino games, and it's widely played using decks of 52 cards. Its origin comes from a family of casino banking games known as 21, and the European Vingt-et-Un and the British card game Pontoon are its versions. With the expansion of the gambling world, additional types of Blackjack have appeared on the market.
Geographical Blackjack Types
Let’s go over a few versions of Blackjack.
Atlantic City Blackjack
Blackjack in Atlantic City has a few unique features you won't find at other casinos. Namely, the dealer will check for Blackjack when an ace or a ten is visible. There are three ways to divide your hand when given two cards of equal value.
After splitting aces, players are only given one more card for each ace and can only split aces once. The option of doubling down is available to players at any point in the game, even after a split. The dealer will stand on any hand valued at 17, even if it's a soft 17. Finally, players can choose a late surrender when the dealer shows an ace or a 10-value card. Even if insurance is readily accessible, taking it's still a bad idea.
Vegas Strip
In addition to being popular on the Las Vegas Strip, this Blackjack variant is available in almost every online casino. Although the game's rules are virtually identical to conventional Blackjack, there are some minor differences to be aware of, such as the number of decks and whether or not the dealer hits or stands on soft 17.
Usually, Vegas Strip Blackjack is playable with four or eight decks, and the dealer stands on soft 17. With a starting hand that contains 10-value or ace cards, the dealer is required to reveal the hidden card. Even after splitting a pair, players can double down. Splitting 10-value cards, even different ones, is available. In addition, it's against the rules to re-split aces and surrender.
European Blackjack
The main difference between European Blackjack and other types of Blackjack is how the cards are dealt. In a traditional Blackjack game, each player, including the dealer, receives two cards at the beginning of the hand. One card is dealt face up, while the others are dealt face down. Meanwhile, in European Blackjack, each player begins with just one card exposed to them, and they don't get their second card until after all other players finish making their hands.
It's more difficult for players to double or split their hands, and players are at a disadvantage since there are additional limitations to doubling and splitting. Players can only double their bet if they have a total of 9, 10, or 11. Regarding splitting, players can double their bets but can't split them again. In European 21, the odds of winning are somewhat lower than in the standard version of Blackjack, although the difference isn't significant.
Multi-Hand Blackjack
Multi-Hand Blackjack's main rules are the same as those for the conventional Blackjack types, which benefits players because they don't need to learn additional rules. However, in this version, participants can play many hands, make various wagers, and have five hands instead of one.
In most casinos, this variant of Blackjack prohibits surrendering but enables insurance against the dealer's ace. The rules vary widely depending on the land-based casino or online versions. For example, some dealers hit soft 17s while others must stand. In addition, the multi-hand Blackjack version with European rules doesn't use hole cards. Lastly, some Multiple-Hand variants allow doubling on every two-card hand, while others limit it to 9 through 11. Generally, Multi-Hand variation speeds up play and boost betting.
Double Exposure Blackjack
In this type of Blackjack, the dealer is dealt two cards face-up. Players lose all their wagers, except Blackjack hand, when they push to keep the house advantage at 3-2. The payout for a natural Blackjack is even money. Because dealers' cards are visible, players can't purchase insurance or surrender.
The game, for the most part, doesn't allow doubling following splits, re-splitting, and side bets. When the dealer has a 13 through a 16, two 10-value cards are split, and if the dealer has a 20, a hard 19 must be struck. Double Exposure Blackjack is played with at least 6 decks, but most often with 8.
Progressive Blackjack
One of the most popular types of Blackjack is Progressive Blackjack. It's not that different from the classic game, but there are a few things to remember before you start. A player and a dealer face off in Progressive Blackjack, just as they do in conventional types. The new $1 stake spot is a big addition, and that's for a special jackpot bet that must be wagered before the cards are dealt. Each player can play up to five hands at a time, and split hands are considered one hand.
To proceed, the dealer must hit on 16 or less and stand on 17 or above. However, Progressive blackjack has some rules distinction from the standard Blackjack type. A player who chooses to split a pair of aces gets only one additional card, and the hand automatically stands. If a second card dealt to a player is a 10-valued card, the hand is considered to have a value of 21, not Blackjack. In most cases, re-splitting isn't an option. Only when players have a hand total of 9, 10, or 11 will they be allowed to double. After the split, players can't go back and double the bet.
Single and Double Deck Blackjack
Most rules for Single-Deck Blackjack are the same as those for games with more than one deck:
A hand can be split up to three times.
Aces can be split, and each ace gets one card, but they can’t be split again.
The hand with a split ace and a 10-value card has a value of 21, not Blackjack.
The dealer hits on a soft 17.
The payout for blackjack is 3-2.
The payout for a winning insurance bet is 2-1.
When playing this Blackjack variant, players must keep in mind that each card has a big effect on how the rest of the hand plays out. For a game with only one deck, the rules for doubling down and surrendering are different, and players should take advantage of them. For instance, they can be more aggressive by splitting a pair of 3's if the dealer shows a 2 or 3 instead of just 4 through 6. Likewise, it's advised to surrender when you get a pair of 7s and the dealer has a ten. The house edge on insurance in Single-Deck Blackjack games is 5.9%, so you should never take insurance or even money.
Similar to a Single Deck, a Double-Deck Blackjack starts each round with players receiving two cards face down, while the dealer receives one card face up. The dealer will check for Blackjack if they have an ace or a 10 on the table. If players hit Blackjack, they'll be given insurance and even money.
You must have a 9, 10, or 11 to double in Double-Deck Blackjack. Players can place an extra stake on the split hand, and no additional splits are allowed. When you get a Blackjack, you’re paid 3-2. Dealer stands on both hard and soft 17. Players can't double following a split, but they can on Blackjack.
Blackjack Switch
Blackjack got a new and original spin in recent years thanks to this innovation. In blackjack switch, you take part in not just one but two separate hands, and you can move cards from one hand to the other to strengthen one or both hands, which creates a significant advantage.
In order to make up for the above-mentioned things, the majority of the other rules are biased in favor of the dealer. For example, if the dealer has a 22, it doesn't result in a bust; instead, it's a push against any player's hand that isn't a bust or 21.
Super Fun 21
Super Fun 21 is a Blackjack version that's a lot of fun to play. Aces count as either a one or an 11, and the dealer gets two cards, where one is visible. It varies from standard Blackjack variants in that the player wins if his hand has at least six cards totaling 20, even if the dealer has a total of 21. You can split your hand up to four times in Super Fun 21, and your 21 beats the dealer's. You can also double down at any moment and instantly double your money when you have a hand with five or more cards totaling 21.
Additionally, the Super Fun 21 version of Blackjack pays only 6-5 instead of 3-2, which is a significant change. In Super Fun 21 Blackjack, only during the first round of a newly shuffled deck can a player put a side wager on landing a Blackjack. The odds are 300:1. For this unusual side bet, players can choose which suit or suits they want to gamble on.
Pontoon Types of Blackjack
In the sections below, we’ll cover a few types of Pontoon Blackjacks.
British Pontoon
Pontoon was the British variation of Blackjack before it became famous internationally because it was a unique and exciting form of the game. British Pontoon has significant changes compared to more traditional types. At least two players are necessary, but five to eight are ideal. If the table is unoccupied, you can play heads-up Pontoon versus the dealer. However, Playtech and Betsoft provide online Multi-Hand Blackjack variants that let you bet on up to three or five hands at once. In this form, 21 hand is dubbed "Pontoon." It consists of an ace and a 10-value card like ten, Jack, Queen, or King. The advantage of Pontoon is that even after splitting, 21s count as naturals, so the odds can be more than 2-1.
The five-card trick is the second-best hand, consisting of five cards totaling no more than 21. Any unbusted hand with precisely five cards wins in Pontoon, regardless of its total. Pontoon pays even money on non-busted hands of 21 or less. As in classic Blackjack, busted hands above 21 lose immediately.
In British Pontoon, the dealer's cards are face-down, which changes the game's entire strategy because the dealer's second card isn't visible. As a result, British Pontoon lacks the insurance side bet that Blackjack players get when the dealer's first card is an ace.
Spanish 21
In Spanish 21, which is quite similar to Pontoon, all 10s are eliminated from the deck. Although this would normally result in a bigger house advantage, the game makes up for it by allowing other player-friendly terms:
Dealer must stand on soft 17.
Players can double after splitting and re-splitting.
After doubling your bet, you have the option to surrender.
Double Attack
Atlantic City casinos offer Double Attack Blackjack, which is one of the types of Blackjack that pays even money on a Blackjack and allows players to double their bet after viewing the dealer's upcard. Also, the Bust It! side bet predicts whether the dealer will bust on the third card. This side wager is placed before the dealer's upcard. If the dealer has an eight, receives another eight of the same color or suit, and busts, there's an extra payout. The Bust It! side bet pays according to how many cards the dealer busts with:
If the dealer busts with 3 or 4 cards, players receive a 2-1 payout.
For 5-card busts, they get a 4-1 payout.
For 6-card busts, they'll have a 12-1 payout.
If the dealer busts with seven or eight cards, the payouts are massive: 50-1 and 250-1.
Double Attack Blackjack uses eight Spanish 48-card decks, and the dealer always stands on soft 17. Insurance pays 5-2, but the dealer can peek for Blackjack. Other differences are that doubling is allowed even after splitting, and players can split aces once for one additional card and all other cards four times. Lastly, any player can double or surrender at any time, but note that there's no re-doubling.
Face Up 21
Face Up 21 is the most uncommon type of Blackjack where the dealer holds two face-up cards, and he must hit on a soft 17. If the dealer has 20, you must hit on 19 to get an ace or two to tie or win. Also, players receive even money for Blackjack, as opposed to the 3-2.
When the player's hand ties with the dealer's, the dealer wins unless the player has Blackjack. In this version, players can split aces but get only one extra card per ace. You may double up on a split, but only with hands that total 9, 10, or 11. Some online casinos will allow you to re-split up to 3 times.
Match Play 21
Match Play 21 is played with ten fewer cards than the typical types of Blackjack. Worry not, because aces and face cards remain in the deck, which lessens the player's probability of winning with each additional deck. Match Play 21 is normally played with six decks, but the range is between two and eight. Players can split up to two times if they have two cards of the same value, and when doubling down, just one more card is dealt.
To counter the dealer's edge, the payout plan is more rewarding:
A 5-card Blackjack pays 3-2.
21 on six cards pays 2-1.
Getting a natural with seven or more cards rewards the player with a 3-1 payout.
Any 6-7-8 combo pays 3-2, suited one pays 2-1.
Spades 6-7-8 combination locks 3-1 payout.
The above payouts apply to 7-7-7 combos, but when the dealer shows a 7, this combination pays out 40-1.
Perfect Pairs Side Bet
Perfect Pairs is a side wager where the player's first two cards form a pair, and there are three distinct sorts of perfect pairs, each paying out differently:
In a mixed pair, the suit and color are different, but the card's value is the same.
Colored pairs have the same value and color, but a different suit.
A perfect pair is the same exact card.
Any 6-7-8 combo pays 3-2, suited one pays 2-1.
Spades 6-7-8 combination locks 3-1 payout.
The above payouts apply to 7-7-7 combos, but when the dealer shows a 7, this combination pays out 40-1.
Before any cards are dealt, players must determine whether they wish to participate in the Perfect Pairs side bet. The payouts differ, but usually, it is 5-1 for a mixed pair, 10-1 or 12-1 for a colored pair, and 30-1 for a perfect one.
We can hear great stories surrounding combinations of cards over time because they have been part of our culture for centuries. One of the most famous legends is the dead man's hand, which is made up of two black aces and two black eights.
Gamblers can be superstitious, and when it comes to gambling, we've all heard people talk about lucky dice and lucky cards. But what is the dead man's hand? How can this seemingly unlucky hand be read as an omen of death, what part of this is historically accurate, and which part is mythological? Stay tuned to find out.
Bill Hickok (Wild Bill) and His Death
First things first, I'll write about the man known for this hand combination.
Wild Bill Hickok
Wild Bill Hickok (1837-1876), the famous gunman and gambler, is at the center of the story. Wild Bill Hickok's real name was James Butler Hickok, but "James" doesn't sound quite as impressive when you're a legendary gunman in the wild west. He was originally nicknamed Duck Bill for his long nose and large lips.
Wild Bill earned his reputation as a respected lawman and gunfighter in the American West due to his service in the Civil War. Namely, the press closely followed his gunfights and conquests due to his many heroic feats. In addition, he earned respect as a professional gambler.
There was often a mixture of fact and fiction surrounding Wild Bill, so we can't determine how many men he killed. A respected biographer believes it's probably closer to half a dozen than over a hundred, as claimed by several journalists at the time. He helped build Wild Bill's legend by exaggerating his contemporaries' accomplishments, exploits, and stories by contributing some outlandish reports about them.
Wild Bill’s Death
He was no longer the crack shot he was in his youth, and his health was also declining. One of his greatest passions was poker, which he indulged at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10. As a skilled player, Wild Bill has amassed a large fortune throughout his life.
Unfortunately, Jack McCall, a drunken buffalo hunter, lost so much on this occasion that he needed Wild Bill to buy breakfast. McCall might have considered this gesture a grave insult, as the next day's events would demonstrate.
After playing poker with the other gamblers at the saloon on August 2, 1876, Wild Bill again headed to the saloon. There was only one seat at the poker table, so he requested that another player switch places with him because he was looking forward to seeing the saloon's entrance and exit from this seat.
Then, Jack McCall shot Wild Bill from behind in the saloon, saying, "Damn you! Take that!" as Wild Bill clutched two black Aces and two black Eights, he fell from his seat and died immediately.
What Is the Dead Man's Hand?
Did Wild Bill hold a pair of Aces and an eight? According to some historians, the account is not authentic. Wild Bill and this particular hand became popular after a book about Hickok was published fifty years later. Its publication contributed to the spread of what had already become a legend.
There is little information about it before the 1920s. However, dead man's hands were associated with a completely different hand of cards and a completely different individual during the nineteenth century. The original event occurred over 140 years ago. Regardless of whether Wild Bill's death was historically based or not, his story has become a legend.
Wild Bill Hickok's death is frequently associated with the dead man's hand because he held a pair of black aces and eights at the moment of his passing. As a result, novels, movies, and even video games reference this hand countless times throughout popular culture.
There's a small casino called Saloon 10 where Wild Bill was killed, on the site where he was shot. In addition to the Dead Man's Hand exhibit, there are signs explaining the story behind the object.
Dead Man’s Hand References
It makes sense that given the popularity of Wild Bill Hickok and the dead man's hand in Western culture, the hand is referred to in many Western films.
John Ford featured the dead man's hand in Stagecoach and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Liberty Valance's title character is the victim, while Stagecoach's John Wayne holds the hand.
In Frontier Marshal, released in 1939, Randolph Scott plays Wyatt Earp. After being shot in the back two years later, Wild Bill Hickok (Richard Dix) holds the dead man's hand in the 1941 Western Badlands of Dakota.
Aces and eights were the winning hand in a poker scene in the 2001 film Along Came a Spider. Due to the dead man's hand, a family shotgun changes hands. As the movie progresses, the shotgun plays a key role in solving a kidnapping.
Video games such as Fallout: New Vegas' Dead Money expansion have featured dead man's hands. For example, the player can collect cards that make up the famous dead man's hand from the ruins of the Sierra Madre casino in order to complete tasks in the game.
How Should You Play The Dead Man's Hand In Poker?
Even though dead man's hand isn't the best in poker, it can be a solid hand combination if you play it correctly. It's best to be aggressive when playing this hand and try to win as many chips as possible early on. If you do so, you're more likely to win the pot when the final cards are revealed at the end of the round.
Can The Dead Man's Poker Hands Increase Your Chances Of Winning?
You have an approximately 1 in 730,000 chance of being dealt a dead man's hand, and you have even lower odds of winning the hand if you are dealt one. However, it's possible to increase the chances of winning in a few ways:
Make sure you don't get into situations where you have to face more than one opponent at a time.
When you play against a single opponent, make sure that you are the one deciding how to bet.
Be aware of your opponents' betting patterns and take advantage of them.
Conclusion
There's no question that the dead man's hand is one of the most famous poker hands. As a result, Wild Bill Hickok has become one of the most recognizable figures in both gambling and western history.
If players at your table are interested in poker history, they may even identify the hand during play if it occurs during a round of poker. Whether a 5-card draw, a 5-card stud, or No-Limit Texas Hold'em, the dead man's hand often wins the pot and is a good hand combination.
FAQ
What is considered a dead man's hand?
It's described as a two-pair poker hand consisting of two black aces and two black eights, along with an unknown hole card.
Why is it called a dead man's hand?
According to legend, Wild Bill Hickok was shot while holding the dead man's hand, so it's considered unlucky to hold the two pairs today.
What was the fifth card in the dead man's hand?
In some situations, the fifth card in a dead man's hand is the five of diamonds; in others, it might be either the nine or the jack of diamonds.
Horse racing is a dynamic sport that has captured the attention of many spectators and fans for centuries. It involves two or more horses ridden by jockeys in the race to the finish line. The main goal is to find the fastest horse that can run specific distances dictated by a particular event.
Horse races include flat, steeplechasing, harness, and endurance racing. Events like the Kentucky Derby or Cheltenham Festival, for example, attract both casual audiences and horse race betting enthusiasts worldwide. In this post, we'll go through the horse racing basics, the fastest horse breeds, and some of the best specimens in the world.
What Are the Fastest Horses Ever in Recorded History?
Winning Brew, Secretariat, and Eclipse are singled out as the fastest horses of all time, even though numerous champions have graced the track throughout the history of horse racing. Below we take a closer look at why these three horses are listed as the fastest.
Winning Brew
Known as the fastest horse in the world, Winning Brew holds the Guinness world record for the fastest quarter-mile time. Born in Kentucky, he was trained by Francis Vitale and ridden by Joe Judice. On July 26, 2008, he set a record as a two-year-old by racing a quarter-mile in 20.57 seconds at the Penn National Race Track in Grantville, Pennsylvania. The colt's exceptional burst of speed earned him a place in the history of horse racing.
Unfortunately, Winning Brew's career was cut short due to an injury, and he retired after setting the record. He was later sold to a breeding farm, where he had several successful offspring.
Secretariat
This renowned racehorse, known for his exceptional speed, was born in Virginia in 1970. The owner of the Meadow Farm, Penny Chenery Tweedy, and her crew were responsible for Secretariat's immense success. The so-called Big Red received the Triple Crown in 1973, winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. He became the first horse to do it in 25 years.
Secretariat's most impressive performance happened in the Belmont Stakes, winning by 31 lengths while setting a record pace for the 1/2-mile dirt course. His record-breaking time of 2:24 remains the fastest in the event's history. Secretariat's speed record in the Belmont Stakes in 1973 was 37.5 mph.
The Eclipse
Eclipse was a fantastic racehorse and among the greatest Thoroughbreds ever. A large, muscular horse born in England in 1764, he had a good stride and a competitive spirit and was considered the world's fastest horse at the time. He was undefeated in 18 races, winning all of them easily and setting records for decades.
Eclipse's success on the track made him a celebrity and helped promote Thoroughbred racing in the United Kingdom. At the age of five, he retired and became a highly successful sire, passing on his extraordinary genetics to future Thoroughbred generations. Eclipse remains one of the sport's best-known names.
The Fastest Horse Breeds
There are countless breeds globally, but not all are suitable for racing and, consequently, betting. If you want to bet on horse racing effectively, you need a good grasp of the fastest horse breeds, so let's take a look:
Akhal-Teke
This breed is rare and originates from Turkmenistan, a Central Asian country. Akhal-Teke horses are famous for their outstanding speed, endurance, beauty, and distinctive metallic coat that shimmers in the sunlight, giving them the golden horse label. The breed's exceptional physical characteristics, such as slender bodies and long heads, distinguish it from other horse breeds. Regrettably, their numbers have declined, with just a few thousand left worldwide.
The top speed of these unique horses is 35 mph. Because of their quickness, these horses are fit for dressage, endurance racing, and jumping. They are also famous for long-distance racing in Central Asia. They do, however, have a fiery temper. Thus, their trainers must have a unique talent to build relationships with them.
Mustang
The Mustang is a breed native to North America, namely the Western United States. These horses are derived from horses brought to the Americas by Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century and allowed to roam freely. Mustangs have evolved and adapted to their environment through time, obtaining characteristics that make them well-suited to life on the range.
The fastest Mustang speed was recorded at about 54 mph. Their stamina and agility make them perfect for ranch work, rodeo, and endurance riding. They are also incredibly clever and have a strong will, which makes them challenging to educate but gives them a strong sense of independence and tenacity. Mustangs have had many challenges in modern times, including habitat deterioration, overpopulation, and resource competition with cattle. Fortunately, various organizations are dedicated to conserving and preserving the Mustang breed, a vital part of America's cultural heritage.
Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred horses are known for their speed, agility, and elegance. The breed is better suited for high-speed racing over a long distance. Although these horses are sometimes high-strung and necessitate a cautious approach, their competitive drive and desire to please their handlers make them popular. Thoroughbreds were racing in 17th-century England and continue to dominate today's sport.
Known for their flexibility, they often indulge in equestrian disciplines like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. The fastest Thoroughbred was measured at 43.97 mph. Despite their many good characteristics, Thoroughbreds may be prone to specific health issues due to their extensive breeding.
Thoroughbreds are the fastest horses over longer distances, averaging 35–40 mph. Quarter horses are the quickest sprinting horses, achieving 50–55 mph in a quarter mile.
American Quarter Horse
The Quarter Horse was created in the United States for sprints over short distances. It can develop speeds up to 55 mph. The breed's quickness and versatility have made it well-suited for many equestrian activities, including rodeo competitions, ranch chores, and long-distance racing.
These horses have muscular, compact bodies and powerful hindquarters, allowing them to accelerate quickly and change direction efficiently. They are also highly trainable and have a calm and cooperative demeanor, making them an excellent choice for first-time riders and children. American Quarter Horses are widely recognized for their intelligence, loyalty, and athletic abilities. They're one of the most famous horse breeds in the world, with millions registered globally.
Arabian
The Arabian horse breed is among the oldest and most revered breeds. Originating from the Arabian Peninsula, these horses are known for their beauty, speed, and intelligence. They are also praised for their endurance, which has made them successful in long-distance races and competitions.
Considering that Arabian horses became popular in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, many breeders imported them to maintain a pure bloodline. During endurance competitions, several horses are typically used because they can travel up to 100 miles daily.
These horses are also used for show jumping, dressage, and other equestrian events. Arabian horses are fast learners who react well to teaching approaches based on positive reinforcement.
The fastest recorded time of this breed is 65 mph. One of history's most famous Arabian horses was Bask, a stallion who won numerous championships in halter and performance events. Another famous horse named Khemosabi won multiple National Championships in the United States.
Appaloosa
The Appaloosa breed is a versatile American horse breed known for its distinctive spotted coat pattern and athleticism. Originating from the United States, these horses participate in Western pleasure, rodeo, and endurance riding. This horse breed is believed to have originated from horses brought to North America by Spanish explorers in the 16th century. These horses interbred with native horses in the region, developing a distinctly American type of horse with a unique coat.
The Appaloosa can run a quarter mile at 55 miles per hour. One of the most famous Appaloosa horses in history was Patchy, who won multiple National Championships in Western pleasure and reining events. Another famous Appaloosa horse is Joker B, who won the National Reining Horse Association World Championship.
What is the Ideal Horse Build for Racing?
A successful racehorse must have proper physical features and characteristics to succeed on the track. The fastest racehorses have strong lungs and hearts, enabling them to maintain a consistent pace throughout the race. They also have long legs, allowing them to cover more ground with each step.
The best ones have to be slender and muscular for improved agility, speed, and endurance. A well-balanced conformation is critical because it helps the horse maintain balance when running at high speeds, minimizing the risk of injury. Finally, the horse's solid and well-angled hooves provide enough grip force, allowing it to maintain speed and agility throughout the race. Serious bettors take all these factors into account when they bet on horse racing as a horse that possesses all these traits has more chances to flourish in this challenging sport.
Speed and Agility Prevail in Horse Racing
The fastest horse racing breeds in the world have made great strides in the sport. Winning Brew, Secretariat, and Eclipse are three of the most famous racehorses in history, with Secretariat considered the finest of all time.
Every year, new champions are made that continue to attract fans. Whether it's the sheer enjoyment of seeing these magnificent creatures compete or the opportunity to bet on sports of their choice, horse racing enthusiasts will continue to frequent horse racing venues for years to come.
You don't want to wake up to the realization that the games you've invested time and money in are anything but fair. That's the nightmare scenario every player wants to avoid, and rightly so. This is where different casino algorithms and independent auditors come into play. Let's then analyze the algorithms employed at online casinos and see how they are kept in check.
Which Algorithms Influence Game Odds, Outcomes, and Payouts?
Algorithms play a crucial role in determining everything from payout rates to game odds in online gambling. Let's examine further how your gameplay is shaped by these behind-the-scenes calculations.
Probability Algorithms
Casinos use probability algorithms to calculate and display the likelihood of different outcomes in games. These odds are shown in a way that compares the likelihood of a favorable outcome (winning) against an unfavorable one (losing).
For example, in a game where the odds are presented as 5:1, it indicates that for every one time you might win, there are five chances of losing. Moreover, in roulette, the probability algorithm indicates the likelihood of the ball landing on a certain number or color, because it takes into account the physical layout and number distribution on the roulette wheel. However in online slots, RNGs are the ones responsible for determining the various symbol combinations appearing on your payline.
Random Number Generators
RNGs are powerful programs that drive your online gambling sessions. They are behind your every move and wager to ensure that each outcome is as random as possible.
Every time you spin a slot machine, or play another game, RNGs are set in motion. They generate sequences of numbers that are so random that they can't be predicted, which makes every game outcome independent and unbiased. This randomness is the key, as it guarantees that past spins or hands have no bearing on your current game. Aside from RNGs, the online gambling industry introduced a new concept— provably fair gambling, where you can manually check if the outcome is fair and not manipulated.
Payout Algorithms
In online casinos, payout algorithms are based on the return to player percentage. This rate indicates the proportion of wagered money a game will pay back to players. For instance, an RTP of 97% means players can expect to receive $97 for every $100 bet over time.
Casinos use bonus algorithms to monitor your playing style, wagering patterns, frequency, and overall engagement to tailor bonus offers. These calculations aim to improve user experience and retention by providing timely and appealing bonuses while maintaining the casino's profitability.
Algorithms That Keep Casino Players Safe
SSL and TLS algorithms are sophisticated security systems actively working to protect your online casino interactions. Let's discuss them in more detail below.
SSL: Your First Line of Digital Defense
Data encryption in action: SSL stands as the first line of defense, as it encrypts the data you share with the casino, such as payment details and personal information.
Secure communication channel: Your gaming sessions will stay private because SSL encryption establishes a secure channel between your device and the casino's server.
Recognizing SSL: A key indicator of SSL protection is the padlock symbol in your web browser's address bar that signifies an encrypted connection.
TLS: The Advanced Protector of Your Casino Activities
Upgraded security: TLS is an improved version of SSL because it provides more sophisticated protection of your online casino activities.
Better encryption techniques: This algorithm takes your security up a notch with stronger encryption methods, shielding your sensitive information even more effectively.
Backward compatibility: TLS handles legacy systems still operating on SSL, so a wide range of online casinos are covered under its umbrella.
Rigorous Audits of Casino Algorithms
The fairness and reliability of games hinge on regular audits and tests conducted by trusted companies. They aren't just routine check-ups; these evaluations encompass every detail, from slot spins to card shuffles. And what do these auditors and online platforms get in return? One of the most valuable assets—player trust.
Why Regular Audits Are a Game-Changer
Ongoing assurance: Regular audits maintain the integrity of online casino games. They guarantee that the games you love playing operate fairly at all times.
Detecting irregularities: These audits are not just about compliance. They also play a key role in identifying any potential irregularities or biases in the game algorithms.
Leading Auditors in the Casino Gaming Industry
Several renowned companies spearhead these audits, bringing their expertise and rigorous standards to the table:
NMi: With years of experience, NMi is known for its thorough approach to testing game impartiality and the integrity of casino algorithms.
eCOGRA: Its seal of approval is a globally recognized symbol of fairness and player protection. eCogra audits are comprehensive and cover all aspects of gambling.
Software Quality Systems Group: This group focuses on testing the software quality of casino games, ensuring that the algorithms powering these games meet the highest standards of legitimacy and reliability.
iTech Labs: Known for its rigorous testing procedures, iTech Labs plays a crucial role in analyzing the algorithms and RNGs used by online casinos.
Casino licensing: Obtaining a license from esteemed regulators like the UK Gambling Commission or the Malta Gaming Authority is a testament to the casino’s commitment to fair play. When a casino brandishes this license, it's a clear message to players that they're entering a safe and regulated gambling platform.
The Essence of Fair Play in Online Casinos
The heart of online casino enjoyment lies in the trust we place in the various algorithms that make everything come together. Luckily, RNGs ensure that every slot spin is random, and audits by regulatory bodies guarantee fairness, making gambling pleasant and transparent.
Remember, behind every adrenaline-pumping moment in online slots and table games is a sophisticated framework of integrity.
August 10, 2022
